In ch 3 Epstein talks about what a strong and valid argument is. A valid argument is a argument were both the premises and conclusion are true. There is no way for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false. As Epstein had stated before "the conclusion follows from the premises" which means the argument is valid or strong.
For example: Adam just turned 8. He got a lot of gifts. So Adam just had a birthday.
Adam just turned 8 so that means he would have had to have had a birthday. He would not have turned 8 and got gifts at the same tie if he did not just have a birthday. A argument can be strong if the premises are true and the conclusion false. But that usually doesn't happen.
For Example: Adam had a party and got a lot of gifts. Therefor Adam just had a birthday. The premise is true but the conclusion could be false. It could have been Christmas and Adam could have had a party and received a lot of gifts.
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